ReviewIBRO neuroscience reports2026
The effects of nicotine on Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental evidence.
Review in IBRO neuroscience reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background and Aims: The relationship between nicotine exposure and Parkinson's disease (PD) remains controversial. Experimental studies, particularly preclinical trials in animal models, suggest that nicotine may exert neuroprotective effects. However, these findings have not been adequately validated in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving humans. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate experimental evidence on whether nicotine exposure exerts neuroprotective or neurodegenerative effects in PD. Methods: Comprehensive searches of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar identified 1363 studies, of which 13 met the inclusion criteria. Random-effects meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.4 and R 4.1.1. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I² statistic, publication bias using funnel plots and Egger's test, and study quality using SYRCLE and ToxRTool criteria. The review followed PRISMA guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO (CRD420250633808). Results: The findings of our study showed that nicotine significantly reduced apoptosis (RR, 0.49; 95 % CI, 0.34-0.71), oxidative stress (RR, 0.55; 95 % CI, 0.41-0.73), and neuroinflammation (RR, 0.62; 95 % CI, 0.49-0.79), while enhancing dopaminergic neuron survival (RR, 1.67; 95 % CI, 1.35-2.06), and mitochondrial function (RR, 1.55; 95 % CI, 1.12-2.14). The only human randomized trial showed no clinical benefit (RR, 1.00; 95 % CI, 0.84-1.49). Subgroup and meta-regression analyses identified study design, dose, duration, and model type as sources of heterogeneity. Conclusion: Experimental evidence suggested that nicotine exposure confers neuroprotection against PD; however, clinical efficacy remains unproven. These findings highlighted the need for well-designed RCTs to confirm if preclinical neuroprotective effects translate into clinical benefits in humans.
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