ReviewCureus2026
A Narrative Review of Advances in Skin Tissue Engineering: From Physiological Architecture to 3D Bioprinting.
Review in Cureus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The skin is a complex, multilayered organ. Damage from burns, trauma, chronic ulcers, or surgical defects often outstrips the regenerative capacity of conventional healing. Traditional skin grafting, while standard, is limited due to donor site morbidity, lack of appendages, and altered biomechanical/sensory properties. This narrative review traces the evolution of skin repair from autografting to bioengineered substitutes and 3D bioprinting, emphasizing physiological design principles, biomaterials, and translational challenges. The literature synthesis mainly focused on skin architecture and wound-healing phases, limitations of epidermal/dermal grafts, development of acellular and cellular artificial skin, recent advances in bioinks, extrusion/inkjet/laser-assisted bioprinting, and functional appendage regeneration. Ophthalmic applications, including corneal and eyelid reconstruction, were also reviewed. Artificial skin substitutes evolved from acellular scaffolds to cell-seeded constructs using keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM). Key biomaterials include hydrogels, collagen, and gellan gum as well as novel composites like eggshell membrane-alginate bioinks. In vivo models demonstrate accelerated re-epithelialization, organized collagen and vascularization with bioprinted grafts. Emerging technologies, such as 4D bioprinting with shape-memory polymers, smart dressings with biosensors, and in situ robotic bioprinting, promise adaptive, real-time wound repair. Biomaterials and fabrication strategies developed for cutaneous repair are increasingly relevant to ophthalmology and broader regenerative medicine. 3D bioprinting provides a viable translational route to functional, patient-specific artificial skin, overcoming key graft limitations. Future work must advance vascularized, multilayer constructs and move toward standardized, regulatory-aligned fabrication for clinical translation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.