ArticleFrontiers in physiology2026
Agreement and reliability of force-plate, smartphone-based, and wearable-sensor countermovement jump assessments for neuromuscular monitoring in male professional volleyball players.
Article in Frontiers in physiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Countermovement jump testing is widely used to infer lower-limb neuromuscular performance, readiness, fatigue, and adaptation in applied exercise physiology. However, commercially available force-plate, inertial-sensor, and smartphone-based systems use different signal sources and calculation methods, which may affect the physiological interpretation of jump-performance changes. Objective: To evaluate the agreement and test-retest reliability of bilateral and single-leg countermovement jump outcomes obtained from force plates, an inertial measurement unit, and a smartphone application in male volleyball players. Methods: Twenty professional male volleyball players were enrolled. Bilateral and left/right single-leg countermovement jump trials were recorded concurrently using VALD ForceDecks, MyJump Lab 3, and Baiobit. VALD impulse-momentum-derived jump height was used as the reference outcome. Agreement analyses compared MyJump Lab 3 and Baiobit with VALD using bias, limits of agreement, ICC(2,1), SEM, and MDC Results: MyJump Lab 3 systematically overestimated VALD impulse-momentum jump height by +1.88 to +4.16 cm. This discrepancy was markedly attenuated when VALD flight-time-derived height was used as the reference, while MyJump flight-time bias was negligible, indicating a calculation-method effect rather than temporal event-detection error. Baiobit showed smaller mean bias in some single-leg conditions but poorer individual-level agreement, with wider limits of agreement and less consistent absolute-agreement ICCs. VALD showed the strongest bilateral CMJ reliability (ICC = 0.929; MDC Conclusion: Commercially available jump-testing systems can lead to method-dependent differences in the interpretation of neuromuscular performance. Device-, task-, and metric-specific measurement error should be considered before using jump-height changes to infer readiness, fatigue, or adaptation in professional male volleyball players.
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