Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42665901›Full record

ArticleSmall methods2026

Vat Polymerization 3D Printing of Hydrogels With Tunable Porosity.

Liwei Liu, Liwen Zhang, Xumin Huang, Yuan Xu, Jason R Stokes, Xinyan Gu, Naufal Kabir Ahamed Nasar, Xiaoming Sun, Jiali Zhai, Thomas P Davis and 1 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Small methods, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Liwei LiuAustralian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2883-3656
Liwen ZhangAustralian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Xumin HuangAustralian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0139-3873
Yuan XuSchool of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Jason R StokesSchool of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7784-9297
Xinyan GuAustralian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3242-6558
Naufal Kabir Ahamed NasarAustralian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Xiaoming SunAustralian National Fabrication Facility Queensland Node (ANFF-Q), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Jiali ZhaiSchool of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9882-9014
Thomas P DavisAustralian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2581-4986
Ruirui QiaoAustralian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8351-7093

Funding

Australian Research Council Discovery Project DP240102315National Health and Medical Research Council 1197373National Health and Medical Research Council APP1196850Queensland-Chinese Academy of Sciences (Q-CAS) Collaborative Science Fund QCAS2022016Queensland Government's Advance Queensland Industry Research Fellowships AQIRF033-2024RD7
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Three-dimensional, interconnected hydrogel networks are central to tissue engineering and disease modeling, where tailored pore architecture and mechanical robustness are essential for supporting cellular functions. However, the limited ability to engineer microstructural features in vat polymerization 3D-printed natural hydrogels often compromises scaffold performance, as oversized pores reduce cell attachment and cell-cell interactions while smooth pore walls lack essential topographical cues. Here, we report an emulsion-based ink for vat polymerization 3D printing that enables the fabrication of hydrogels with finely tunable and highly interconnected porous architectures. An oil-in-water resin formulated using gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) contains stable solvent nanodroplets that act as sacrificial templates during photopolymerization. Removal of the dispersed phase yields additive-free porous hydrogels with pore sizes ranging from 0.66 to 46.15 µm and a 2.5-fold enhancement in compressive toughness. This strategy is compatible with digital light processing (DLP) and broadly applicable to multiple photocurable biopolymers, including alginate methacrylate (ALMA) and hyaluronic acid methacrylate (HAMA). The resulting porous scaffolds promote enhanced cell attachment, proliferation, and cell-cell interactions, highlighting the potential of this vat polymerization-compatible platform for advanced biofabrication.

Indexed as

HydrogelsPrinting, Three-DimensionalAlginatesAnimalsCell AdhesionCell ProliferationGelatinMethacrylatesPolymerizationPorosityTissue EngineeringTissue ScaffoldsAlginatesGelatinHydrogelsMethacrylates3D printingcell proliferationmacroporous hydrogelsoft materialstissue engineering

Identifiers

PMID42665901
PMCPMC13646038

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.