ArticleChinese medicine2026
DFGLM-TCM: an integrated knowledge-and experience-driven large language model system for Traditional Chinese Medicine practice.
Article in Chinese medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) clinical practice depends on both codified theoretical knowledge and practitioner-specific experience, which differ in their data sources, reasoning patterns, and scope of generalization. We developed DFGLM-TCM, a modular large language model-based service system that separately models these two knowledge types through task-oriented components and coordinates them within a unified multi-task architecture. The knowledge-oriented component integrated a curated 22-GB TCM corpus containing approximately 3 million structured entries, a manually validated knowledge graph with more than 200,000 entities, and retrieval-augmented generation for literature retrieval and general TCM question answering. The experience-oriented component was trained using approximately 5000 authentic outpatient records from a senior TCM practitioner and 2000 expert-reviewed augmented cases to provide practitioner-specific diagnostic and prescription references. Through standardized interfaces and role-based access, the system supports knowledge retrieval, question answering, structured consultation, and prescription reference for clinicians, patients, and students. In an expert-rated evaluation of 100 TCM knowledge questions, DFGLM-TCM achieved the highest descriptive mean score among the evaluated models (4.48 ± 0.76). In 454 independent pulmonary-nodule cases, the experience-oriented component achieved a prescription-consistency score of 8.95 ± 0.63, exceeding that of the model additionally trained with general TCM knowledge (7.52 ± 0.44). A one-month assessment involving 35 physicians at three primary-care institutions suggested favorable short-term usability and acceptance. These findings highlight the value of separating general TCM knowledge from practitioner-specific experience while coordinating task-oriented training and multi-task services within a unified system, and support further evaluation of DFGLM-TCM as an auxiliary reference tool in broader clinical settings.
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