ArticleProbiotics and antimicrobial proteins2026
Toward a Vaccine Against Multidrug-Resistant Elizabethkingia anophelis: Comprehensive Immunoinformatics-Based Design of a Multi-Epitope Vaccine and mRNA Construct.
Article in Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Elizabethkingia anophelis is a multidrug-resistant opportunistic pathogen associated with severe neonatal meningitis, sepsis, and hospital outbreaks, with high mortality rates and limited treatment options. In this study, a hybrid multi-epitope vaccine (MEV) was designed using an extensive immunoinformatics approach targeting four key outer membrane and secretion-associated proteins. Highly antigenic B-cell and T-cell (MHC-I and MHC-II) epitopes were predicted, rigorously screened for antigenicity, allergenicity, toxicity, and cytokine induction potential, and selected based on binding affinity and population coverage. The final MEV construct incorporated eight MHC-I, eight MHC-II, and eight B-cell epitopes linked with appropriate linkers, adjuvanted with Human Beta Defensin-3, and tagged with a 6 × His sequence. Population coverage analysis revealed 99.38% global coverage. Structural modeling using AlphaFold2 followed by refinement yielded a high-quality 3D model (98.0% Ramachandran favored residues, ERRAT 98.621, ProSA Z-score - 4.68). Molecular docking demonstrated strong binding of the MEV to TLR-2, while 200 ns molecular dynamics simulations confirmed the stability of the vaccine-receptor complex. Immune simulations predicted robust Th1-biased responses, high antibody production (IgG class switching), and generation of long-term memory B and T cells. Codon optimization for E. coli K12 (CAI 0.982) and in silico cloning into pET-28a( +) vector supported efficient recombinant expression, while mRNA secondary structure analysis indicated high stability. This computationally designed MEV offers a promising preventive strategy against E. anophelis infections. Further experimental validation is warranted to confirm its immunogenicity and protective efficacy.
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