ArticleSocial psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology2026
Cultural adaptation, validity and reliability of the Marathi language version of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 to screen depression in rural Maharashtra, India.
Article in Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundScreening is essential to bridge the significant care gap that exists for depression. PHQ-9 is a brief, valid, and reliable questionnaire, making it a valuable tool for detecting depression in both clinical and community settings. However, there is a lack of culturally and contextually appropriate local language versions of the PHQ-9, especially in India. This study aims to culturally adapt the existing Marathi version of the PHQ-9 for a rural Marathi-speaking population and evaluate its diagnostic accuracy and psychometric properties for detecting depression.
methodsWe followed the World Health Organization's guidelines for the cultural adaptation of the PHQ-9, followed by the assessment of criterion, construct, and convergent and divergent validity, as well as reliability. We compared the performance of the Marathi version of the PHQ-9 with that of the semi-structured diagnostic interview. We also assessed test-retest and inter-rater reliability by estimating the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and internal consistency by calculating Cronbach's alpha.
resultsFor the Marathi version of PHQ-9, Area Under the Curve (AUROC) was 0.88 (95%CI: 0.86-0.91). Confirmatory Factor analysis supported a four-factor structure for the full sample (RMSEA = 0.039 (90% CI: 0.024-0.054), CFI = 0.985, TLI = 0.974, and SRMR = 0.024). Cronbach's alpha was 0.81 for the full sample, and the ICC for test-retest was 0.81.
conclusionOur findings support the use of the adapted Marathi version of the PHQ-9 for screening depression in the Marathi-speaking population. Future research efforts may benefit from adopting the comprehensive approach outlined in this study.
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