ArticleEuropace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology2026
Long-term incidence of infective endocarditis according to the type of cardiac implantable electronic device: a nationwide comparison with moderate- and high-risk patient groups.
Article in Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
aimsAccording to the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines, patients with a cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) are considered at moderate risk of infective endocarditis (IE), irrespective of CIED type. However, comparative data across CIED types and IE risk groups are limited. We examined IE rates according to CIED type compared with moderate- and high-risk groups. METHODS AND
resultsDanish nationwide registries were used to identify patients with first-time CIED implantation and reference populations at moderate and high risk of IE (2000-2022), based on the ESC guidelines. The high-risk group included patients with a left-sided prosthetic valve. Patients with prior IE or left-sided prosthetic valve were excluded from the CIED group. The primary outcome was incident IE within 10 years. The study included 84 171 CIED recipients, 127 966 moderate-risk patients, and 23 505 high-risk patients. Pacemakers were the most common CIED type (74.9%), followed by implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (16.6%), cardiac resynchronization therapy device with defibrillator (CRT-D) (4.6%), and cardiac resynchronization therapy device without defibrillator (3.9%). Pacemaker recipients were the oldest (median 78.2 years) and most frail. The 10-year cumulative incidence of IE was lowest in pacemaker recipients (1.0% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.9-1.1]) and highest in CRT-D recipients (2.2% [95% CI: 1.7-2.9]). In adjusted analyses, all CIED types were associated with higher IE rates than the moderate-risk group but lower than the high-risk group.
conclusionIn this nationwide cohort, IE risk differed across CIED types, highest in CRT-D and lowest in pacemaker recipients. All CIED types were associated with higher risk than moderate-risk patients but lower risk than high-risk patients, supporting the ESC classification. Cardiac resynchronization therapy device with defibrillator recipients may warrant further evaluation of preventive strategies.
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