ArticleCureus2026
Distribution Patterns of Non-SARS-CoV-2 Respiratory Pathogens Among Patients With Influenza-Like Illness During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study From Bangladesh.
Article in Cureus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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6 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, diagnostic efforts were heavily concentrated on SARS-CoV-2, leaving patients who tested negative with limited etiological workup despite continuing to present with influenza-like illness. This study aimed to identify and characterize the non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory pathogens responsible for illness in this group at a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh.
methodsWe conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study at the Department of Virology, Bangladesh Medical University (BMU), from July to December 2022, enrolling 165 adults with influenza-like symptoms who tested negative for SARS-CoV-2. Nasopharyngeal swabs were analyzed by multiplex real-time PCR (VIASURE Respiratory Panel III kit, CerTest Biotec, Zaragoza, Spain). Pathogen distribution was assessed using Chi-squared goodness-of-fit (GoF) as a global test, confirmed by exact Monte Carlo multinomial simulation (100,000 runs). Individual pathogens were compared using binomial exact tests with Benjamini-Hochberg (BH)-false discovery rate (FDR) correction. Co-infection independence was assessed with one-sided Fisher's exact tests plus BH-FDR correction; effect sizes are reported as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
resultsOf 165 participants (mean age 34.8 ± 12.7 years; 61.8% male), 59 (35.8%; 95% CI: 28.8%-43.3%) had at least one pathogen, yielding 46 viral and 29 bacterial pathogen detections. Both distributions deviated significantly from uniformity (viral: χ²(6) = 48.35, p < 0.001; bacterial: χ²(2) = 20.14, p < 0.001). Human rhinovirus was the most statistically significant viral pathogen (21/46; 45.7%; BH-adjusted p < 0.001; z = +6.08), and
conclusionNon-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory pathogens like human rhinovirus and
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