ArticleMaterials today. Bio2026
Targeted blood-brain barrier penetration for traumatic brain injury therapy via RXR/PPAR-driven microglial M2 polarization.
Article in Materials today. Bio, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
As a leading global cause of death and disability, traumatic brain injury (TBI) triggers a complex secondary injury process leading to long-term neurological impairment. Current therapeutic efficacy is limited by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the absence of integrated approaches to address neuroinflammation and neuroregeneration. We designed a biomimetic nanomedicine (Ali-NPs@Mexo) by encapsulating alitretinoin(Ali)-loaded albumin nanospheres within mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-derived exosomal membranes. This platform exploits the natural BBB-crossing and inflammation-targeting capabilities of exosomes to enhance localized drug delivery. Mechanistic studies revealed that Ali-NPs@Mexo triggers RXR/PPAR signaling to promote M1-to-M2 microglial polarization, thereby mitigating acute inflammation. Moreover, it protects neurons by inhibiting reactive astrogliosis and supporting the growth of neural stem cells and oligodendrocytes.
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