ReviewFrontiers in genetics2026
Advances in the association between tumor immune microenvironment remodeling in osteosarcoma and the risk of pathological fractures.
Review in Frontiers in genetics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant bone tumor, predominantly affecting children and adolescents, and pathological fracture (PF) represents one of its most devastating local complications, significantly worsening prognosis and quality of life. Emerging evidence demonstrates that dynamic remodeling of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) plays a pivotal role in both OS progression and PF occurrence. M2 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), enrichment of regulatory T cells (Tregs), functional exhaustion of natural killer (NK) cells, and accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) collectively establish an immunosuppressive TIME that profoundly disrupts osteoclast activity and the RANKL/RANK/OPG axis, leading to pathological bone destruction and elevated fracture risk-mechanisms supported by direct OS
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