ArticleBrazilian dental journal2026
Torque expression in conventional and self-ligating orthodontic brackets: An in vitro study.
Article in Brazilian dental journal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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7 authors.
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Abstract
This study assessed torque expression at different angulations of conventional, interactive, and passive self-ligating brackets, with or without metal ligatures, and evaluated surface morphology and chemical composition (%). All brackets (Roth prescription, 0.022" x 0.028" slot) were fixed to round acrylic cylinders with cyanoacrylate adhesive. Five hundred segments of rectangular archwires (0.019" x 0.025") were bent and welded (20 mm x 10 mm), then fixed to the brackets either with or without 0.010" metal ligatures in ten experimental groups (n = 10). The assembled specimens were then mounted on a universal testing machine, and a vertical force was applied to the free end of the archwire, resulting in a 10 mm displacement. Mean torque values (N·mm) at specified torque angles of 0° to 25°, as well as the mean torque angles (°) corresponding to 5 and 20 N·mm, were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Bracket design and chemical composition were examined by SEM/EDS. Slot angulation and dimensional measurements were evaluated using ImageJ. Passive self-ligating brackets, without and with ligatures, showed the smallest torque angles, statistically smaller than those of the other groups (p < 0.001). Bracket clips were composed predominantly of nickel and titanium. Passive self-ligating brackets, either ligated or not, showed the highest torque expression at both 5 and 20 N·mm. Overall, torque expression was influenced more by the dimensional characteristics of brackets and rectangular archwires than by the type of ligature used. Clinically, passive self-ligating brackets may facilitate earlier torque expression during orthodontic treatment.
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