Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42658788›Full record

ArticlePloS one2026

Sustainable gypsum binders reinforced with industrial and bio-waste additives.

Ahmed H Mohammed, Ibrahim A Atiyah, Dalia A Rasool, Ahmed S Abbas, Samer S Abdulhussein, Ali A Salman, Ali M Flayyih, Kadhim K Resan, Mohammed Ali Abdulrehman

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in PloS one, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Ahmed H MohammedDepartment of Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq.
Ibrahim A AtiyahDepartment of Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq.
Dalia A RasoolDepartment of Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq.
Ahmed S AbbasDepartment of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-mustafa University, Baghdad, Iraq.
Samer S AbdulhusseinDepartment of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4388-848X
Ali A SalmanDepartment of Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq.
Ali M FlayyihDepartment of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-mustafa University, Baghdad, Iraq.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2069-7204
Kadhim K ResanDepartment of Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq.
Mohammed Ali AbdulrehmanDepartment of Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8567-5880

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This study aims to improve the mechanical strength, water resistance, and setting behavior of gypsum binders by adding industrial and agricultural waste. This study investigated the effects of ground orange peel powder, sodium silicate solution, and reactive silica on the functionality of gypsum composites intended for resource-efficient construction applications. Reactive silica (5-10%), GOPP (0-2%), and 20% sodium silicate solutions were added in different amounts to create nine mixtures. The compressive and flexural strengths, water absorption, and setting times were assessed. Scanning electron microscopy was used to monitor the microstructural development and comprehend the interactions between the additives and the gypsum matrix. The results showed that the ideal mixture (G7) consisting of 10% reactive silica, 20% sodium silicate solution, and 1% GOPP had a compressive strength of 16.9 MPa, flexural strength of 2.35 MPa, and low water absorption value of 5.41%. The GOPP successfully postponed the setting, enabling extended matrix densification and C-S-H formation. SEM analysis verified that the modified samples yielded better internal cohesion and lower porosity. This study presents a novel approach that combines organic and inorganic waste materials to enhance gypsum performance. GOPP offer waste-derived set-retarding qualities, in contrast to conventional chemical additives. The suggested process shows how gypsum properties can be improved using waste materials produced by various industries and agriculture.

Indexed as

Calcium SulfateConstruction MaterialsIndustrial WasteCitrus sinensisCompressive StrengthMicroscopy, Electron, ScanningPorositySilicatesSilicon DioxideWaterCalcium SulfateIndustrial WasteSilicatesSilicon Dioxidesodium silicateWater

Identifiers

PMID42658788
PMCPMC13521372

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.