ArticleAnnals of biomedical engineering2026
Level-Specific Lumbar Spine Injury Tolerance Under High-Rate Vertical Loading Relevant to Underbelly Blast Environments: A Combined Cadaveric Experimental and Finite Element Study of Three-Vertebra Spinal Segments.
Article in Annals of biomedical engineering, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
purposeThis study aimed to investigate lumbar vertebral level-specific fracture susceptibility under high‑rate vertical loading using a combined experimental-computational approach.
methodsFive three-segment spinal units, spanning L1-L5, were tested under dynamic axial compression and used to validate corresponding specimen-specific finite element models. Model performance was evaluated against experimental force-displacement responses (R
resultsSpinal posture exerted a strong, level‑dependent influence on fracture risk. Flexion generally reduced injury likelihood at L1, L2, and L4, whilst extension increased the risk, with L3 and L5 showing inverse or unique behaviour. Lateral bending increased fracture susceptibility, particularly at L5. Increased vertebral height reduced axial stiffness and fracture load, except at L5, whilst larger cross-sectional area consistently enhanced mechanical resistance. Areal bone mineral density was a strong positive predictor of compressive fracture tolerance across all levels. Level-specific injury prediction curves were developed using survival analysis and showed position-dependent trends, with inferior vertebrae generally more resistant, except L5, which remained highly vulnerable.
conclusionThis study provides the first vertebral level-specific injury prediction curves under dynamic axial compression and highlights the roles of posture, geometry, and bone quality in lumbar fracture tolerance. These findings offer insights for injury prediction and protective system design in defence contexts.
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