ReviewEuropean journal of sport science2026
Sex and Gender Differences in Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Sleep During Traumatic Brain Injury Recovery: A Narrative Review.
Review in European journal of sport science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
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Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a complex neurological condition with enduring consequences that extend well beyond the initial insult. Once regarded primarily as an acute event, TBI is now increasingly recognized as a chronic disorder associated with cognitive, emotional, and physical impairments. These sequelae contribute to diminished quality of life and elevated long-term risks for adverse health outcomes. Despite growing awareness of its multifaceted nature, TBI recovery remains heterogeneous and is shaped by a range of individual-level determinants that remain insufficiently understood. Among these determinants, biological sex and gender have emerged as critical yet under-investigated influences on TBI outcomes. Sex refers to chromosomal, hormonal, and anatomical attributes, whereas gender encompasses socially constructed roles, identities, and norms that govern behavior, access to resources, and healthcare engagement. These dimensions interact in ways to influence not only TBI risk and presentation but also recovery trajectories. Although previous research has documented sex and gender disparities in TBI outcomes, limited attention has been given to how these factors intersect with lifestyle behaviors during rehabilitation. Modifiable lifestyle factors, including physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep, are essential for optimizing neuroplasticity, reducing inflammation, and promoting recovery following TBI. However, engagement in and physiological responses to these behaviors are shaped by both sex-specific biological mechanisms and gendered sociocultural contexts. Recognizing and addressing these intersecting influences is crucial for advancing equitable and individualized rehabilitation strategies. This narrative review critically examines how physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep influence TBI recovery, with an emphasis on variation by sex and gender.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.