ReviewChemical & biomedical imaging2026
Design, Synthesis, and Applications of Fluorescent Amino Acids in Bioimaging.
Review in Chemical & biomedical imaging, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
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Abstract
Fluorescent unnatural amino acids (FlAAs) provide a powerful molecular bridge between small-molecule fluorophores and biomacromolecules, enabling minimally perturbative optical interrogation of peptides and proteins. Over the past decade, substantial progress has been made in the rational design, synthesis, and application of FlAAs, driven by advances in organic synthesis, C-H functionalization, and translation-based incorporation technologies. This review summarizes contemporary strategies for constructing FlAAs, with a particular emphasis on structure-property relationships and modular design principles. Beyond chemical synthesis, we summarize translation-machinery-mediated strategies, including chemical tRNA aminoacylation, flexizyme-based charging, and genetic code expansion, which collectively enable the incorporation of FlAAs into peptides and proteins in vitro and in living cells. Finally, we showcase representative applications of FlAAs in live-cell imaging, super-resolution microscopy, and photodynamic therapy, illustrating how compact fluorescent amino acids can serve as both imaging reporters and functional photoactive units. Together, this review summarizes current molecular design strategies for FlAAs and discusses how chemical modification of amino acid scaffolds can be linked to specific biological applications.
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