ArticleFrontiers in public health2026
Risk factors of long COVID among discharged patients with omicron infection in Changzhi, China: a retrospective cohort study.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Relatively little is known about long COVID (LC) in China, particularly regarding the effects of recent Omicron sub-lineages. Therefore, we systematically assessed the prevalence and risk factors for developing LC. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included COVID-19 patients who had been hospitalized at two hospitals in Changzhi, China, between December 15, 2022 and April 30, 2024. All patients were interviewed via telephone ≥ 3 months after discharge. The follow-up study was conducted between July 18 and August 20, 2024. Logistic regression models were used to analyze risk factors for developing long COVID. Results: A total of 2,765 patients (1,407 male [50.9%]; median [IQR] age 70.0 [59.0-78.0] years) were successfully evaluated by telephone; 458 (16.6%) self-reported long COVID symptoms. The most common symptom was fatigue (4.9%), followed by muscle weakness (3.9%), sleep difficulties (3.0%), brain fog (2.8%) and cough (2.5%). Severe COVID-19 patients had a higher risk of LC than non-severe patients (OR = 1.275, 95% CI: 1.036-1.570). In subgroup analyses stratified by follow-up time, overweight patients (OR = 1.564; 95% CI: 1.052-2.326), patients with ≥ 7 acute-phase symptoms (OR = 1.275; 95% CI: 1.064-1.528), and farmer (OR = 1.439, 95% CI: 1.047, 1.976) had a higher risk of LC, whereas individuals who received immunosuppressant therapy had a lower risk (OR = 0.691, 95% CI: 0.504, 0.948). In addition, aged ≥ 50 years (OR = 2.441, 95% CI: 1.175-5.072) and underweight status (OR = 2.183; 95% CI: 1.115-4.273) were associated with a higher risk of muscle weakness. Conclusion: This study provides valuable insights into LC after discharge, with 16.6% of discharged patients reporting symptoms. It is essential to monitor at-risk individuals according to identified risk factors for public health efforts.
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