ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
T cell, M2 macrophage infiltration and collagen, fibronectin, VCAM-1 expression portend poor outcome in lupus nephritis.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Abstract
Introduction: Despite advances in lupus nephritis (LN) management, its heterogenous nature poses challenges in predicting treatment response. Multiplexed spatial proteomics offers a potential solution to dissect the heterogeneity of treatment response in LN. Methods: Renal response was assessed in 16 LN patients undergoing physician-directed induction therapy. Baseline biopsies from these patients were subjected to 34-plex spatial proteomics. A total of 53 glomerular and 49 tubulointerstitial regions of interest from these LN patients and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) controls were analyzed for spatial predictors of treatment response. Results: There were increased glomerular and tubulointerstitial immune infiltrates in LN kidneys compared to RCC controls, including CD45RO, HLA-DR, and CD68-positive cells. Interestingly, there was increased glomerular and interstitial collagen I, collagen IV deposition, and fibronectin extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in class V compared to class IV LN. Glomerular and tubulointerstitial immune infiltrates and fibrosis in pre-treatment biopsies predicted non-response (NR) to immunosuppressive therapy, including leukocytes expressing CD45RO, HLA-DR, CD4, CD14, and CD163 and collagen I, collagen IV, and fibronectin expression. Increased tubular and parietal epithelial cell expression of the activation/injury marker VCAM-1 also marked treatment NR. Discussion: As defined by multiplexed spatial proteomics, increased infiltration of activated T cells and CD163
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