ArticleFrontiers in microbiology2026
Genotype turnover and global evolutionary dynamics of G gene duplication variants in human metapneumovirus: insights from prospective surveillance in Nantong, China, 2024-2025.
Article in Frontiers in microbiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a leading cause of acute respiratory infections worldwide, yet whole-genome surveillance data remain scarce in eastern China. The evolutionary dynamics of G gene duplication variants and their molecular drivers are poorly characterized. Methods: From 2024 to 2025, we conducted prospective hMPV surveillance in Nantong, Jiangsu Province, screening 1,602 respiratory specimens by multiplex qPCR. Complete whole-genome sequences were obtained from 26 of 27 positive strains via probe-capture next-generation sequencing, and integrated with 574 global reference genomes. G gene duplication variants (111nt_dup/180nt_dup) were characterized, O-glycosylation sites predicted (NetOGlyc 4.0), and Bayesian phylodynamic analysis (BEAST v1.10.4) performed on the 111nt_dup lineage. Results: The overall detection rate was 1.7% (27/1,602), with the highest burden in children aged 0-5 years (3.6%) and peak circulation in winter and spring. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a sharp genotype shift among the sequenced strains-from A2.2.2 in 2024 to B2 in 2025 (12/12 vs. 0/14; Conclusion: The global dominance of 111nt_dup is better explained by lineage-specific molecular selection than neutral drift. Co-occurrence of the 111nt_dup with the predicted S90 O-glycosylation site suggests a model in which predicted glycosylation-driven optimization of the G protein mucin-like domain may enhance fitness, with implications for hMPV vaccine strain surveillance.
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