ArticleTransboundary and emerging diseases2026
Multidrug-Resistant Providencia rettgeri: An Emerging Pathogen in Farmed Siamese Crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis) in Hainan, China.
Article in Transboundary and emerging diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Multidrug-Resistant Providencia rettgeri: An Emerging Pathogen in Farmed Siamese Crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis) in Hainan, China.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The Siamese crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis) farming industry in China, particularly in Hainan Province, has grown substantially, yet it faces increasing threats from infectious diseases. Providencia spp., especially P. rettgeri, are increasingly reported in reptilian disease outbreaks, but their epidemiological and pathogenic profiles in farmed C. siamensis remain poorly understood. In this study, necropsy and histopathological examination of 18 deceased juvenile Siamese crocodiles from three farms in Hainan Province, China, revealed severe multiorgan lesions indicative of septicemia. Sixty-five Providencia isolates were recovered and assigned to four species-level clusters (P. rettgeri, P. stuartii, P. hangzhouensis, and P. alcalifaciens) via 16S rDNA and fusA phylogenetic analyses. Most isolates exhibited strong motility but weak biofilm-forming ability. Crucially, all 65 isolates were multidrug-resistant and carried diverse antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), with 74% harboring class 1 integrons. Virulence-associated genes (VGs) were widespread. Zebrafish challenge assays confirmed that all five representative isolates were pathogenic, with P. rettgeri strains PL-425 and PL-688 exhibiting the highest virulence (100% mortality within 24-30 h). Whole-genome sequencing of PL-425 identified multiple virulence loci related to motility, capsule, adhesion, and toxins. These findings identify multidrug-resistant P. rettgeri as a dominant and highly virulent pathogen in farmed Siamese crocodiles, highlighting its emergence as a significant threat to the industry and underscoring the urgent need for integrated surveillance and antimicrobial stewardship.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.