ArticleViruses2026
Simulating the Transmission of Rift Valley Fever Virus via Raw Milk Consumption in Inter-Epidemic Periods.
Article in Viruses, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a zoonotic, vector-borne disease affecting livestock and humans. The consumption of raw unpasteurized milk has been epidemiologically linked to RVFV exposure in humans and recognized as a potentially important non-vector route for RVFV transmission. This study aims to investigate the potential of RVFV transmission to humans through the consumption of infected raw milk. For this purpose, we conducted agent-based stochastic simulations to assess the potential for RVFV transmission through ingestion of contaminated raw milk. We created synthetic populations of cows, humans, and mosquitoes representing local farm dynamics in Kisumu, Kenya. A total of 1000 farms were simulated with binomial and Poisson distributions utilized to generate cow and human populations, respectively. Given our prior field data, we varied the probability of consuming raw milk from 1% to 80%. We also varied the probability of infectious raw milk causing RVFV infection at 10% and 40%. Results indicate that when the probability of infectious raw milk causing an infection is set at 10%, the cumulative incidence of RVFV infections in humans through raw milk consumption varies between 0.4 and 13% during the inter-epidemic periods. When the probability of infectious raw milk causing an infection is set at 40%, the percentage of cumulative milk infections ranges from 3.7 to 28%. Findings highlight the great potential for RVFV infection and spread through infectious milk consumption and the need for further evaluation of milk as a potential pathway of RVFV transmission to humans. Raw milk consumption in RVFV endemic settings remains an ongoing public health threat.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.