ArticleSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2026
A Single-Source Pilot Study of Machine Learning-Assisted Microwave S-Parameter Screening for Glucose Syrup and Water Adulteration in Grape Molasses.
Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Grape molasses, known as pekmez in Turkish, is a traditional concentrated fruit product that may be adulterated with cheaper sweeteners or water. This study evaluated broadband microwave S-parameter measurements as a rapid, non-destructive screening approach for detecting glucose syrup substitution and water dilution in grape molasses. Nine physical mixture groups were prepared, including pure grape molasses, glucose syrup-substituted mixtures at 5-30%, pure glucose syrup as an endpoint reference, and water-diluted mixtures at 10-30%. For each group, five consecutive technical measurements were recorded using a Libre vector network analyzer connected to a WR-229 waveguide-based two-port setup over 3.30-4.90 GHz. All mixtures were prepared from a single commercial grape molasses source and a single glucose syrup source; the results should therefore be interpreted as pilot-scale, single-source evidence rather than a generalizable screening method. Glucose syrup substitution produced a systematic upward shift in S
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