ArticleMicroorganisms2026
Iron-Modified Biochar Reduces Phosphorus Leaching and Maintains Microbial Network Complexity in Acidic Soils Under Simulated Intense Rainfall.
Article in Microorganisms, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Although metal-modified biochar demonstrates high efficacy for phosphorus (P) removal in aqueous systems, its soil-scale mechanisms and ecological consequences under extreme rainfall remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated how iron-modified biochar (BC+Fe) regulates P leaching and soil microbial communities in acidic soils using adsorption assays and column leaching experiments under simulated prolonged heavy rainfall. Mechanistically, BC+Fe exhibited adsorption kinetics that were better described by the pseudo-second-order model, consistent with a chemisorption-dominated P retention mechanism. Across six consecutive leaching events, BC+Fe significantly increased soil pH from 4.1 to 4.5 and reduced cumulative P loss by 37.7% compared to unmodified biochar (BC), with the most pronounced mitigation occurring during the initial leaching events when P losses were greatest. After leaching, soil total and available P concentrations under BC+Fe were approximately 3.4- and 3.7-fold higher, respectively, than under BC. Crucially, while both biochar types shifted bacterial community composition, BC+Fe maintained bacterial Shannon diversity and network complexity at levels comparable to the unamended soil and significantly higher than those under BC. Further analysis revealed that P leaching loss and soil pH were the primary environmental drivers shaping these microbial responses, and specifically, severe P loss was directly associated with simplified network complexity and intensified microbial competition (reflected by increased negative cohesion). Functional profiles inferred using Tax4Fun2 further showed that BC+Fe supported higher predicted microbial functional redundancy than both BC and the unamended control. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that iron-modified biochar mitigates P leaching through robust chemisorption and pH stabilization, while concurrently safeguarding microbial network complexity and functional redundancy. This dual benefit highlights the potential of iron-modified biochar as a sustainable amendment for maintaining soil ecosystem buffering capacity against severe hydrological stress.
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