Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42654738›Full record

ReviewPathogens (Basel, Switzerland)2026

Immunological Determinants of Oncogenic Virus-Driven Cancers in Africa: Mechanisms, Co-Infections and Public Health Challenges.

Victor Ayodele Aliyu, Olalekan Chris Akinsulie, Babatunde Ibrahim Olowu, Ibrahim Idris, Favour Akinfemi Ajibade, Pius I Babawale, Oluwawemimo Adebowale, Charles Egede Ugwu, Chizaram Blessing Ukauwa, Onyedikachi Emmanuel Itumo and 9 more

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

19 authors.

Victor Ayodele AliyuSchool of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.ORCID 0009-0006-2610-4600
Olalekan Chris AkinsulieDepartment of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6337-3638
Babatunde Ibrahim OlowuDepartment of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1406-8359
Ibrahim IdrisSchool of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-2435-9870
Favour Akinfemi AjibadeDepartment of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.ORCID 0009-0007-0461-8229
Pius I BabawaleDepartment of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Barton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.ORCID 0009-0009-6856-5108
Oluwawemimo AdebowaleDepartment of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta 110124, Ogun State, Nigeria.ORCID 0000-0002-4207-7423
Charles Egede UgwuPaul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6559-7176
Chizaram Blessing UkauwaDepartment of Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, FCT, Abuja 900102, Nigeria.ORCID 0009-0008-1616-7848
Onyedikachi Emmanuel ItumoDepartment of Public Health, Middlesex University London, London NW4 4BT, UK.
Peter Arinze OgeDepartment of Human Anatomy, University of Cross Rivers State, Yala 550107, Cross Rivers State, Nigeria.ORCID 0009-0008-2765-4801
Sammuel ShahzadDepartment of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
Chizobam Lilian ChukwuDepartment of Medical Microbiology, Imo State University, Owerri 460222, Imo State, Nigeria.
Toyin Florence AyandokunDepartment of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
Joy Taiye AliyuDepartment of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220282, Osun State, Nigeria.
Peace Kehinde AliyuDepartment of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220282, Osun State, Nigeria.
Jesuferanmi Mary AkinsulieSchool of Health Sciences and Society, University of Suffolk, Ipswich IP3 0AQ, UK.
Muhammad Ipoola AdeyemiDepartment of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Science and Technology, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
Olamilekan Gabriel BanwoDepartment of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200132, Oyo State, Nigeria.ORCID 0000-0002-0686-1544

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Oncogenic viruses contribute to approximately 20% of human cancers globally, with their impact falling disproportionately on populations in Sub-Saharan Africa. In this region, cervical cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, endemic Burkitt lymphoma, and Kaposi sarcoma represent major causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality, driven by persistent infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV/HCV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), and human T-lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1). This review synthesizes current insights into the immunological mechanisms that underpin viral carcinogenesis in Africa, emphasizing how defective viral clearance, chronic immune activation, and immune evasion arise from the convergence of region-specific co-infections, host genetic diversity, and environmental exposures. We examine the mechanistic roles of HIV-associated CD4

Indexed as

CoinfectionNeoplasmsOncogenic VirusesTumor Virus InfectionsAfricaAnimalsHumansPublic HealthEpstein–Barr virus (EBV)hepatitis B virus (HBV)human papillomavirus (HPV)sub-Saharan Africaviral oncogenesis

Identifiers

PMID42654738
PMCPMC13516113

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.