Flexible Electromagnetic Actuator with Liquid Metal Embedded in a Graphene Oxide/Thermoplastic Polyurethane Matrix.

Shufan Li, Yusuo Tian, Yang Zhang, Huatan Chen, Wenwang Li, Gaofeng Zheng, Xiang Wang

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Micromachines, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Shufan LiSchool of Opto-Electronic and Communication Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China.ORCID 0000-0002-0038-6439

Yusuo TianSchool of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China.

Yang ZhangSchool of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China.

Huatan ChenSchool of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China.ORCID 0009-0002-7727-8265

Wenwang LiSchool of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China.

Gaofeng ZhengSchool of Intelligent Manufacturing (Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.ORCID 0000-0003-0870-6166

Xiang WangSchool of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China.ORCID 0000-0002-5718-9575

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China 52405424National Natural Science Foundation of China 52575458Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province 2024J011214Xiamen Municipal Natural Science Foundation 3502Z202371024

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Flexible electromagnetic actuators have attracted considerable attention for applications in soft robotics, adaptive manipulation, and human-machine interaction due to their fast response, large deformation capability, and inherent compliance. However, the concurrent application of high actuation performance and long-term cyclic durability remains a major challenge, particularly for liquid metal (LM)-based soft systems, where interfacial instability between LM conductors and polymer substrates often leads to performance degradation. In this work, we report a fabrication strategy in which patterned eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn) liquid metal circuits are directly written onto electrospun graphene oxide/thermoplastic polyurethane (GO/TPU) nanofiber membranes. The incorporation of graphene oxide significantly enhances interfacial adhesion through hydrogen bonding interactions between oxygen-containing functional groups in GO and the native Ga

Indexed as

direct ink writingelectrospinningliquid metalsoft electromagnetic actuator

Identifiers

PMID42653527

DOI10.3390/mi17080886

PMCPMC13515088

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata

Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.