ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2026
The Multifaceted Roles of Macrophages in Rheumatoid Arthritis: From Cytokine Networks to the Discovery of Novel Subsets.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Macrophages play a central and multifaceted role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This review synthesizes current understanding, emphasizing how M1/M2 polarization imbalance drives RA progression. Specifically, M1 promotes synovial inflammation, joint destruction, and pannus formation via pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) and dysregulated angiogenesis. Conversely, functional impairment of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages contributes to defective immune regulation. Beyond the classical M1/M2 dichotomy, macrophages exert their pathogenic influence through complex networks: activating adaptive immunity by phagocytosis and antigen presentation, secreting cytokines to regulate synovial tissue immune microenvironment and sustaining inflammation by metabolic reprogramming. Critically, heterogeneous macrophage subsets exhibit divergent roles. Recent studies have identified novel populations, such as pro-fibrotic SPP1
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.