Cardiovascular Risk Stratification and Surveillance in Cardio-Oncology: Mechanistic Foundations and Future Directions.

Cardio-oncology has emerged as a critical discipline in modern medicine due to the growing population of cancer survivors and the increasing recognition of cardiovascular disease as a major cause of morbidity and mortality in this population. While there have been significant advances in chemotherapy such as advances in chemotherapy, targeted therapies, immunotherapies, and radiation therapy, these treatments are linked to a wide range of cardiovascular toxicities such as myocarditis, arrhythmias, and progressive fibrotic remodeling. These toxicities tend to be caused by interrelated and multifactorial cellular processes including endothelial damage, immunological dysregulation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Therefore, early diagnosis of subclinical harm using multimodal surveillance strategies integrating clinical risk assessment, specialized clinical imaging, and circulating biomarkers has replaced reactive care of overt cardiotoxicity in modern cardio-oncology. Echocardiographic techniques such as longitudinal strain, with the help of biomarker-guided surveillance of natriuretic peptides and cardiac troponins, have made the early detection of cardiac dysfunction more effective. However, the current prediction risk models are still constrained and limited by their dependence on static clinical variables and their partial integration of biological mechanisms. This review examines the current methods for risk stratification and surveillance throughout the cancer care continuum, including baseline assessment, monitoring during active therapy, and long-term survivorship surveillance. Future approaches for tailored cardiovascular care are also highlighted, including new advances in precision cardio-oncology such as multi-omics profiling, molecular biomarkers, artificial intelligence, and mechanism-guided preventative strategies. Therefore, advancing biologically informed and risk-adapted monitoring frameworks may enhance early diagnosis, maximize cardioprotective measures, and lower long-term cardiovascular consequences.