ArticleAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI2026
Preliminary Evidence on Psychophysiological and Emotional Responses to Different Types of Human-Calf Interaction in Healthy Adults.
Article in Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
This study investigated the effects of human-calf interactions on psychophysiological and emotional responses in humans. Thirty healthy adults (mean age: 25 ± 1.3 years) participated in four distinct 3 min activities with a Holstein calf: (1) watching a 2D video of a calf (video observation), (2) observing a calf directly (direct observation), (3) feeding a calf, and (4) grooming a calf. Electroencephalogram (EEG) measurements were recorded from the prefrontal, frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes during each activity. Participants' emotional states were assessed using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire before and after the sessions. Results showed that relative alpha power spectra, indicative of relaxation and resting states, significantly increased during both direct and video observation of the calf compared to feeding or grooming activities (
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