ArticleCurrent issues in molecular biology2026
Interrelationships Between PD-L1, CTLA-4, IL-10 and IL-18 Expression in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.
Article in Current issues in molecular biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a malignancy characterized by a complex immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Immunomodulatory cytokines and immune checkpoints such as PD-L1 (programmed death-ligand 1) and CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4) play a crucial role in tumor development. Due to its high mortality rate, OSCC remains one of the major challenges in modern oncology. The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the expression of PD-L1, CTLA-4, IL-10, and IL-18 in paraffin-embedded tumor specimens and to analyze their associations with selected clinicopathological parameters in 79 patients treated surgically between 2011 and 2023. Most patients exhibited intermediate expression of PD-L1 (1-49%; 81.0%), CTLA-4 (1-49%; 87.3%), IL-18 (11-25%; 78.5%), and IL-10 (11-25%; 58.2%). PD-L1 and CTLA-4 expression showed a very strong association (
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