ArticleAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Mass Flux Analysis Reveals the Presence and Fate of Antimicrobials in Hospital Effluent, Wastewater Treatment Plant, and River Environments.
Article in Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundHospitals are recognized as important point sources of antimicrobials; however, their contributions to antimicrobial contamination at the watershed scale remain poorly understood.
methodsSeasonal monitoring was conducted between December 2024 and May 2026 at two hospitals, a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), and receiving river waters in the Yodo River Basin, Japan. Seventeen antimicrobials were quantified, and concentration profiles and mass fluxes were integrated to evaluate source contributions.
resultsAmpicillin, levofloxacin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, and vancomycin were the predominant antimicrobials. Hospital wastewater was identified as the dominant source of ampicillin and vancomycin, whereas levofloxacin and clarithromycin were largely influenced by diffuse watershed inputs. Several antimicrobials persisted through wastewater treatment and were continuously detected in WWTP effluent and downstream river waters.
conclusionsThis watershed-scale assessment demonstrates that antimicrobial contamination is driven by both hospital-derived point sources and broader watershed inputs. These findings provide a scientific basis for integrated hospital wastewater and WWTP management to mitigate environmental antimicrobial resistance (AMR) within the One Health framework.
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