ArticleBMC oral health2026
Effect of application delays on the dentin bond strength and interfacial morphology of different adhesive systems: an SEM analysis.
Article in BMC oral health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectiveThis study evaluated the effect of application delays on the dentin bond strength of different adhesive systems used in composite restorations.
methodsForty-five extracted human molars were randomly assigned to Clearfil SE Bond, G-Premio Bond, and Single Bond Universal (n = 15). Each adhesive was subdivided according to application time: immediate use, 3-minute delay, and 5-minute delay (n = 5). Adhesives were applied to occlusal dentin surfaces according to manufacturers' instructions, followed by composite build-up procedures. Microtensile bond strength (µTBS) was evaluated using a universal testing machine, and failure modes were examined microscopically. Selected specimens were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
resultsAdhesive system (F = 48.32, p < 0.001) and application time (F = 22.72, p < 0.001) significantly influenced µTBS. The highest bond strength was observed in the immediate Clearfil SE Bond group (34.5 ± 4.8 MPa), whereas the lowest value was recorded in the 5-minute delayed G-Premio Bond group (13.4 ± 2.8 MPa). A 5-minute delay significantly reduced bond strength in all adhesive systems, whereas a 3-minute delay generally did not affect bonding performance. More than 85% adhesive failures were observed in the 5-minute delay groups. SEM analysis revealed porosity and crater-like surface defects in delayed universal adhesive groups.
conclusionsA 5-minute application delay significantly compromised dentin bond strength and increased adhesive failures. Immediate adhesive application is recommended to preserve bonding effectiveness and optimize restoration longevity.
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