ArticleMedicines (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Paracetamol Responses Depend on Temperature, Life Stage, and Genetic Background in
Article in Medicines (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundA key obstacle in toxicological research is investigating long-lasting or inherited effects and addressing the potential interaction between exposure and genetic background of the test subject. Such effects can be effectively investigated in short-lived and genetically managed model organisms.
methodsTo illustrate the biological complexity of the outcomes of toxicological experiments, we investigated the influence of life stages, sex, and temperatures in a generational study using paracetamol exposure as an example of drug toxicology. To also include genetic background, we used five highly inbred
resultsResults show that life stage, sex, and genotype each shaped the phenotypic outcome of paracetamol exposure. Adult exposure consistently decreased activity and increased starvation resistance, whereas juvenile exposure produced more variable and sex-dependent responses. Genotype further modulated these patterns, including markedly elevated lethality in one line at high paracetamol concentrations.
conclusionsThese findings demonstrate that exposure timing and biological context critically influence toxicological outcomes, underscoring the need for methodological awareness when interpreting generational studies in model organisms and beyond.
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