ArticleToxins2026
Nasal Exposure to Microcystin Can Trigger Immune Responses in the Lung and Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis via the Lung-Gut Axis: A Pilot Acute Mouse Study.
Article in Toxins, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
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Abstract
Cyanotoxin events are among the most serious consequences of cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms. Microcystins (MCs), among the most prevalent cyanotoxins, are known to adversely affect human health. Recently, respiratory exposure has emerged as an important exposure route for MCs, with potential downstream effects on the gut microbiome through the lung-gut axis. In this pilot study, we investigated acute respiratory immune responses and gut microbiome alterations following MC inhalation using female C57BL/6J mice. Mice were assigned to three dose groups: control (0 µg/kg body weight), medium (25 µg/kg), and high (50 µg/kg). MC-LR was administered intranasally once daily for 3 days. Fecal samples were collected daily for 16S rRNA sequencing, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids were collected following sacrifice for immune cell analysis. MC exposure resulted in significantly increased monocyte counts (
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