ArticleVaccines2026
Association Between Immunosuppressive Cell Populations and Immune Response to Influenza Vaccination in Younger and Older Adults.
Article in Vaccines, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
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Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSeasonal influenza vaccination shows highly variable effectiveness across individuals, particularly in older adults, in whom age-related immune decline compromises protective responses.
methodsThis study evaluated immune responses to the 2019/2020 quadrivalent influenza vaccine in 75 individuals aged 25-89 years. Influenza-specific antibody titers and virus-neutralizing activity were measured before and four weeks after vaccination, and participants were stratified as high or low responders.
resultsWe observed that older individuals exhibited increased frequencies of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and activated regulatory T cells (Treg) expressing HLA-DR and CD38, consistent with enhanced immunosuppressive activity. Importantly, higher levels of these immunoregulatory populations correlated with poor vaccine responsiveness in both adult and older participants. Additionally, circulating T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells were elevated in older participants and in low responders, whereas T follicular helper (Tfh) cells remained unchanged, resulting in an increased Tfr/Tfh
conclusionsThese findings suggest that immunoregulatory networks, while essential for controlling chronic inflammation during aging, may limit vaccine-induced immunity. Identifying biomarkers such as MDSC frequency, activated Treg phenotype, and Tfr/Tfh balance may contribute to the identification of individuals with different levels of vaccine responsiveness and could help inform future personalized vaccination strategies.
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