ArticleJournal of functional biomaterials2026
A Vascularized, Adipose-Containing Human Skin Equivalent Enables Long-Term Culture and Models Orthopoxvirus-Mediated Immune Suppression.
Article in Journal of functional biomaterials, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Human skin is a complex organ whose functions depend on coordinated interactions between the epidermal and stromal layers. Reproducing this architecture in vitro remains challenging, as existing human models reproduce a restricted subset of the structural and functional features inherent to native tissue. Here, we describe a fibrin-based, multicellular human skin equivalent (HSE) composed of primary human keratinocytes, fibroblasts, preadipocytes, and endothelial cells organized into epidermal and stromal compartments. The resulting constructs achieved mature epidermal stratification with appropriate phenotypic markers, developed robust barrier properties, underwent spontaneous endothelial network assembly, and exhibited transcriptional profiles consistent with native skin. Optimized culture conditions supported long-term structural and functional stability through 42 days, maintaining a proliferative basal cell layer and intact epidermal architecture. Non-destructive optical coherence tomography enabled longitudinal monitoring of epidermal growth, providing a practical method for real-time quality assessment. To evaluate their utility for disease modeling, HSEs were challenged with cowpox virus to model infection by a classic dermotropic virus. Infected HSEs reproduced classic epithelial pathologies of human orthopoxvirus infection and exhibited dose-dependent suppression of host interferon signaling pathways, recapitulating known viral immune-evasion mechanisms. Together, these findings establish the vascularized, adipose-integrated HSE as a platform for long-term studies of human skin biology, host-pathogen dynamics, and therapeutic development.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.