ArticleJournal of Intelligence2026
Virtual Reality-Based Orienteering Training Improves Spatial Memory in College Students with Operationally Defined DTD-like Navigational Difficulties: fNIRS Correlates of Training-Related Cortical Adaptation.
Article in Journal of Intelligence, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundDevelopmental topographical disorientation (DTD)-like navigational difficulties can impair everyday orientation and spatial information processing.
objectiveWe examined whether 8-week virtual reality (VR) orienteering training improves performance on a laboratory spatial memory task in college students with operationally defined DTD-like navigational difficulties and examined task-related cortical changes.
methodsIn a randomized controlled trial, 96 students were assigned to VR orienteering, VR exercise, or control groups (
resultsVR orienteering produced greater improvement in spatial-memory-task accuracy and reaction time than the other groups. After BH-FDR correction across eight ROIs, training-specific reductions in task-related activation were observed in the right primary motor cortex and left frontopolar area. Within the VR orienteering group, pre-to-post change in left orbitofrontal activation was negatively associated with change in spatial-memory-task accuracy, Pearson
conclusionsVR orienteering improved performance on the laboratory spatial memory task and was accompanied by reduced task-related cortical recruitment. Greater reductions in L-OFC activation were linked to greater improvements in accuracy, identifying L-OFC activation change as a neural correlate of training-related spatial-memory improvement.
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