Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42644254›Full record

ArticleJournal of immunology research2026

Cost-Effective and Time-Saving Multiplex-Beads Immunoassay Method to Detect Humoral Immune Responses Against Respiratory Infections.

Tarfa A Altorki, Mohammad Abdullah Basabrain, Abdulaziz Kulthum, Maimonah Alghanmi, Ala A Azhari, Sawsan Alamri, Aishah Ghazwani, Asem Alsharef, Wesam H Abdulaal, Rahaf Y Alhabbab and 3 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of immunology research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Tarfa A AltorkiDepartment of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia, kau.edu.sa.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0374-2187
Mohammad Abdullah BasabrainDepartment of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia, kau.edu.sa.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1925-0424
Abdulaziz KulthumDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, kau.edu.sa.
Maimonah AlghanmiDepartment of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia, kau.edu.sa.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1628-4696
Ala A AzhariVaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia, kau.edu.sa.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8519-2619
Sawsan AlamriVaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia, kau.edu.sa.
Aishah GhazwaniVaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia, kau.edu.sa.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7576-8418
Asem AlsharefVaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia, kau.edu.sa.
Wesam H AbdulaalDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, kau.edu.sa.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2510-1946
Rahaf Y AlhabbabDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, King Fahad General Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0861-0562
Mohamed A AlfalehVaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia, kau.edu.sa.
Anwar M HashemVaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia, kau.edu.sa.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8471-7011
Rowa Y AlhabbabDepartment of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia, kau.edu.sa.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7135-9967

Funding

Community Jameel in Saudi Arabia under the Jameel Fund for Infectious Disease Research and Innovation JML:007-141-2024
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The multiplex-bead immunoassay is characterized by its ability to detect multiple analytes simultaneously within a short timeframe and with high precision. Consequently, it is an appealing tool for identifying humoral immune responses to various targets, particularly respiratory viral infections that pose a significant risk to public health. In this study, we optimize the assay by using minimal reagent volumes to reduce both costs and turnaround time without compromising assay accuracy. We have developed a multiplex-bead immunoassay to detect humoral responses against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome COVID-19 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome COVID-19 (MERS-CoV) on a platform that can be extended to include additional targets. To validate the performance of the developed assay, serum samples from MERS-CoV- and SARS-CoV-2-seropositive and seronegative individuals were evaluated and compared with the standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The results demonstrate that the developed multiplex-bead immunoassay exhibits high performance, achieving 100% sensitivity and 95.4%-96.6% specificity, a detection limit comparable to ELISA, and a strong correlation with ELISA (R

Indexed as

Antibodies, ViralCOVID-19Immunity, HumoralMiddle East Respiratory Syndrome CoronavirusSARS-CoV-2Cost-Benefit AnalysisEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent AssayHumansImmunoassaySensitivity and SpecificityAntibodies, ViralflowcytometryIgGIgMMERS-CoVmultiplex-beadSARS-CoV-2

Identifiers

PMID42644254
PMCPMC13507927

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.