ArticleARYA atherosclerosis2026
Impact of Smoking Status on Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in STEMI Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study in Western Iran.
Article in ARYA atherosclerosis, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) remains a major cause of mortality worldwide. Whether smoking status and cumulative exposure influence prognosis in the contemporary era of timely reperfusion and intensive secondary prevention remains uncertain, particularly in populations with very high smoking rates. This study aimed to evaluate the association between smoking status and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) among patients with STEMI in western Iran.
methodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted involving 645 consecutive patients with STEMI at a tertiary center in Western Iran. Patients were stratified by smoking status: never-smokers (n = 356), moderate smokers (<15 pack-years, n = 124), and heavy smokers (≥15 pack-years, n = 165). Outcomes included 1-year all-cause mortality and MACE over 365 days. Cox regression models adjusted for confounders were used to estimate hazard ratio with 95% confidence intervals (HR, 95% CI).
resultsIn crude analyses, heavy smokers had lower 1-year mortality (HR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.22-0.87) and MACE (HR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.40-0.91) compared to never-smokers. After full adjustment, these associations became non-significant (mortality HR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.28-3.02; MACE HR = 1.51, 95% CI: 0.81-2.81). Never-smokers were older, more likely female, and had higher comorbidity rates, explaining crude differences. Socioeconomic factors, particularly education, influenced outcomes.
conclusionThe smoker's paradox is driven by confounders, not a protective effect of smoking. Smoking cessation and addressing socioeconomic disparities are critical for improving STEMI outcomes in high-risk populations.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.