ArticleFrontiers in psychology2026
Performance of clay pigeon shooters in multiple object tracking under different target loads: skill level and gender differences.
Article in Frontiers in psychology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Objective: To examine the effect of target load on the multiple object tracking performance of clay pigeon shooters, and to investigate differences in skill level (professional vs. amateur) and gender in this context. The attentional patterns in clay pigeon shooting differ fundamentally from those in ball sports. It remains unclear whether expert advantages exist in multiple object tracking among clay pigeon shooters, and whether long-term training can eliminate gender-based cognitive differences. Methods: Forty clay pigeon shooters (20 professionals, 20 amateurs; 20 males, 20 females) completed a multiple object tracking task with target loads of 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. The dependent variable was tracking accuracy. A 2 (group) × 5 (target load) repeated-measures ANOVA was conducted, followed by simple effects analysis. Gender differences were examined using a separate 2 (gender) × 5 (target load) ANOVA. Results: Tracking accuracy decreased as target load increased (main effect of target load: Conclusion: Clay pigeon shooters exhibit an expert advantage under high target loads in multiple object tracking tasks. This advantage may reflect domain-general cognitive resources such as working memory updating, attentional reorienting, and inhibitory control, rather than sport-specific multiple-object attentional capacity. No performance differences were observed between male and female athletes, suggesting that long-term intensive training may eliminate the gender gap in spatial attention commonly found in the general population. High-load multiple object tracking tasks may serve as a cognitive diagnostic tool for athlete selection in clay pigeon shooting.
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