SynthesisFrontiers in dental medicine2026
Dose-dependent effects of electron beam irradiation on dental materials: a systematic review of
Synthesis in Frontiers in dental medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
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Abstract
Background: Electron beam irradiation (EBI) is a non-chemical technique proposed for modifying dental materials, but evidence is contradictory. Some studies report gains in mechanical performance, others document discoloration, structural breakdown, or cytotoxicity at higher doses. Objectives: To systematically review effects of EBI on mechanical strength, surface characteristics, chemical stability, and biological responses in dental materials, and identify dose ranges where effects shift from beneficial to harmful. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for laboratory studies published January 2001-March 2026 using the terms "electron beam irradiation" and "dental materials." Two reviewers independently screened records; a third resolved disagreements. Eligible studies were laboratory-based experiments evaluating dental materials under EBI. Data were extracted on post-irradiation mechanical, physicochemical, biological, and appearance outcomes. Risk of bias was assessed using RoBDEMAT and QUIN; certainty was rated using a modified GRADE approach. Results: Of 897 records identified, 18 studies met inclusion criteria. Materials tested included composites, nanocomposites, fiber-reinforced composites, denture base polymers, orthodontic bracket materials and adhesives, alloy-resin bonding systems, monolithic zirconia, acrylic resins, glass ionomer cement, dental irrigants, cast titanium, and zinc oxide eugenol. Doses ranged from 1 to 200 kGy, with acceleration energies of 25 kV-10 MeV (two studies did not report beam energy). At low-to-moderate doses, most polymer-based materials showed improved flexural strength, fracture toughness, Vickers hardness, and wear resistance, whereas higher doses caused polymer degradation, discoloration, loss of structural integrity, and genotoxic/cytotoxic effects. QUIN classified 4 studies (22%) as low risk, 12 (67%) as medium risk, and 2 (11%) as high risk of bias. Limitations: All evidence was Conclusions: Current Systematic Review Registration: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/HAVT8.
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