ArticleFrontiers in cardiovascular medicine2026
Real-time CMR combined with cardiopulmonary exercise testing enables integrated assessment of cardiac function during exercise.
Article in Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is the gold standard for assessing cardiopulmonary responses to physical stress. Real-time magnetic resonance imaging (RT-MRI) enables continuous cardiovascular imaging during free breathing (FB) and dynamic exercise. Objective: This study aimed to develop a clinically applicable, easy-to-use MR-CPET protocol using user-friendly postprocessing software and to describe preliminary physiological observations in healthy subjects, forming the basis for future clinical applications. Material and Methods: Healthy adults ( Results: The examination was well tolerated, with only minor discomfort related to the spirometry mask. RT-MRI showed strong agreement with conventional cine MRI for left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction at rest. Submaximal exercise significantly increased heart rate and ventilation, with concomitant increases in VO Data conclusion: Combined CPET and cardiac RT-MRI using the presented user- and participant-friendly setup enables integrated assessment of cardiopulmonary performance and cardiovascular function during submaximal exercise and provides physiologically plausible Fick-derived measures of oxygen transport and utilization.
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