Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42643171›Full record

ArticleEClinicalMedicine2026

Long term outcome following pulmonary TB or lower respiratory tract illness in children: a prospective South African study.

Shaakira Chaya, Leah Githinji, Nicola Marozva, Lesley Workman, Zoe Franckling-Smith, David McFarlane, Noluntu James, Margaretha Prins, Mark P Nicol, Diane M Gray and 1 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in EClinicalMedicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Shaakira ChayaDepartment of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, and SA-MRC Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Leah GithinjiDepartment of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, and SA-MRC Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Nicola MarozvaDepartment of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, and SA-MRC Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Lesley WorkmanDepartment of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, and SA-MRC Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Zoe Franckling-SmithDepartment of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, and SA-MRC Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
David McFarlaneDepartment of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, and SA-MRC Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Noluntu JamesDepartment of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, and SA-MRC Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Margaretha PrinsDepartment of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, and SA-MRC Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Mark P NicolMarshall Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
Diane M GrayDepartment of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, and SA-MRC Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Heather J ZarDepartment of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, and SA-MRC Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.

Funding

Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in HIV-infected children & development of microbiologicR01HD058971 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN · PI ZAR, HEATHER JOY · 2008 to 2012
$2.2M
NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD058971
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) are common in children in low- and middle-income countries. While the long-term impairment following PTB is well recognised in adults, there is limited data in children. Additionally, there is a lack of comparative studies assessing these outcomes relative to other (non-TB) causes of LRTI. To longitudinally assess the long-term impact of PTB and non-PTB LRTI on lung function, including children under 5 years of age, utilising both oscillometry and spirometry. Methods: A prospective study of South African children with suspected PTB from 3 September 2015 to 18 September 2024 was done. Microbiological testing included 2 induced sputa for liquid culture and Xpert Ultra. Participants were classified as: confirmed TB (microbiologically positive); unconfirmed TB (clinical diagnosis); unlikely TB (microbiology negative, not clinically diagnosed with PTB and improvement without TB treatment at 3 month follow up). Lung function was measured at enrolment and at follow-up visits: 1 and 3 months for all participants; 6, 12 and 18 months for confirmed or unconfirmed TB. Measures included pre- and post-bronchodilator (BDR) oscillometry in all and spirometry in those 5 years or older. Linear mixed effects models were used to explore the association of PTB or LRTI with lung function z-scores over time. Findings: Of 276 children included, 112 (41%) had confirmed TB, 113 (41%) unconfirmed TB and 51 (18%) unlikely TB. The median (IQR) age was 8.3 (5.7-11.1) years; 51% were female. Children with confirmed TB had lower pre-BDR resistance at 6 Hz z-score (β = -0.53, 95% CI -0.95, -0.11); lower post BDR z-scores for FEV Interpretation: Children with PTB demonstrated significant lung function impairment, predominantly restrictive, that persisted over time. These findings highlight the importance of ongoing respiratory evaluation and stronger preventative interventions to mitigate long-term pulmonary sequelae in paediatric PTB. Funding: National Institutes of Health, USA (RO1HD058971), Regional Prospective Observational Research in TB consortium (TB-REPORT), South African Medical Research Council (SA-MRC) and EDCTP2 programme (TMA2020CDF-3200). S Chaya is funded by Carnegie Deal 3 program at UCT and the SA National Research Foundation; L Githinji was funded by the Foundation Botnar supported by the European Union, HJ Zar is supported by the SA-MRC.

Indexed as

Lower respiratory tract infectionLung functionOscillometrySpirometryTuberculosis

Identifiers

PMID42643171
PMCPMC13503084

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.