ArticlePloS one2026
Cell-Free but potent: Antimicrobial potential of Lactobacillus supernatants against multidrug-resistant pathogens.
Article in PloS one, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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11 authors.
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Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance poses a major threat to public health and the food industry, driving the search for novel biologically derived antimicrobial alternatives. This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of cell-free supernatants (CFS) obtained from 30 Lactobacillus strains against 15 bacterial and yeast pathogens, including multidrug-resistant isolates. A species-independent antimicrobial response was observed, with 10 CFS classified as effective, showing predominant MIC and MBC/MFC values of 20 mg/mL, in contrast to 5 ineffective CFS that had higher values despite some being of the same species. Effective CFS caused marked reductions in microbial viability, reaching 2-4 log (CFU/mL) decreases, and residual viable counts between 104 and 105 cells/cm2, as determined by fluorescence microscopy. Neutralization of CFS pH and enzymatic treatments resulted in a partial loss of antimicrobial activity, indicating that both acidic and non-acidic metabolites contribute to the observed effects. Cytotoxicity assays revealed no significant impact on HepG2 cell viability, whereas RAW 264.7 macrophages exhibited a reduction in MTT signal, which may reflect altered metabolic activity or increased cellular sensitivity rather than definitive cytotoxicity. Overall, Lactobacillus-derived CFS exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity associated with a diverse chemical composition, supporting their prioritization for further chemical characterization and translational studies.
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