Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42640841›Full record

Trial reportJournal of medical Internet research2026

Optimizing Web Links Used in Digital Vaccination Invitations to Raise Trust and Booking Intention: 3 Online Randomized Controlled Trials.

Claire M Oakley, Hazel Sayer, Dawn Holford, Wändi Bruine de Bruin, Gaëlle Vallée-Tourangeau, Tim Chadborn, Miroslav Sirota, Marie Juanchich

Abstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
In one paragraph

Trial report in Journal of medical Internet research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Claire M OakleyDepartment of Psychology, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom, 44 120 687 38 12.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8211-2246
Hazel SayerDepartment of Psychology, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom, 44 120 687 38 12.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2521-7903
Dawn HolfordSchool of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6392-3991
Wändi Bruine de BruinSchaeffer Institute for Public Policy and Government Service, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1601-789X
Gaëlle Vallée-TourangeauDepartment of Management, Kingston University, London, United Kingdom.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1080-4443
Tim ChadbornPublic Health England, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6264-3843
Miroslav SirotaDepartment of Psychology, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom, 44 120 687 38 12.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2117-9532
Marie JuanchichDepartment of Psychology, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom, 44 120 687 38 12.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0241-9529

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: People are encouraged to respond swiftly to digital health invitations, but they can be (rightly) skeptical about their legitimacy. Objective: Drawing on digital communication theory and psychological science, we hypothesized that easy-to-read web links that facilitate participants' ability to identify the health organization as the website host would improve trust in and user engagement with digital communications. Methods: In 3 double-blind, randomized online experiments, adult UK residents were recruited via the online platform Prolific (experiment 1: N Results: Across experiments, the control web link was poorly perceived, with most participants (729/1142, 63%) unsure or unlikely to use it. Relative to the control web link, the clear web link improved trust (β coefficient Conclusions: We extend digital communication research by investigating how web link design can reduce people's justified suspicion in health messaging. Moving beyond the previous research focus on health message content, we experimentally test the role of web link wording. We bring causal evidence that easier-to-read links that have easy-to-identify host health institutions increased trust and intention to use the link. We provide simple, practical design guidance to improve real-world engagement with digital health communications.

Indexed as

Electronic MailInternetTrustVaccinationAdultCOVID-19COVID-19 VaccinesDouble-Blind MethodFemaleHumansIntentionMaleMiddle AgedSARS-CoV-2United KingdomCOVID-19 Vaccinesdigital communicationfluencyhealth communicationphishingtrustURLvaccination uptakeweblinks

Identifiers

PMID42640841
PMCPMC13505598

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.