Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42640366›Full record

ArticleJapanese journal of ophthalmology2026

Association of smoking with thyroid eye disease and related diplopia in a Japanese population: a retrospective study.

Ai Kozaki, Rishu Inoue, Natsuko Watanabe, Nobuyuki Sato, Shunsuke Kawaguchi, Koichi Nishiyama, Koichi Ito, Toshu Inoue

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Article in Japanese journal of ophthalmology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

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3 · Its place in the literature

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Ai KozakiOlympia Eye Hospital, 2-18-12 Jingumae, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 150-0001, Japan. kouzaki@olympia.net.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4643-320X
Rishu InoueOlympia Eye Hospital, 2-18-12 Jingumae, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 150-0001, Japan.
Natsuko WatanabeDepartment of Internal Medicine, Ito Hospital, 4-3-6 Jingumae, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 150-8308, Japan.
Nobuyuki SatoOlympia Eye Hospital, 2-18-12 Jingumae, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 150-0001, Japan.
Shunsuke KawaguchiOlympia Eye Hospital, 2-18-12 Jingumae, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 150-0001, Japan.
Koichi NishiyamaOlympia Eye Hospital, 2-18-12 Jingumae, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 150-0001, Japan.
Koichi ItoDepartment of Internal Medicine, Ito Hospital, 4-3-6 Jingumae, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 150-8308, Japan.
Toshu InoueOlympia Eye Hospital, 2-18-12 Jingumae, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 150-0001, Japan.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeTo investigate the association between current smoking and thyroid eye disease (TED), and diplopia among TED patients. STUDY

designRetrospective case-control study.

methodsThis study included 12,038 individuals (10,269 with TED and 1769 controls) from a single ophthalmology center in Japan. Smoking status, demographic characteristics, and clinical features were obtained from medical records. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to evaluate the associations between current smoking and (1) TED diagnosis and (2) diplopia among TED patients, adjusting for age, sex, TSAb levels, and family history of thyroid disease, with stratified analyses by age and sex.

resultsCurrent smoking was significantly associated with TED (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.41; 95% CI 1.24-1.61; p < 0.01), with significant effects observed in both sexes and a stronger association in males (aOR = 1.61) than in females (aOR = 1.36). Among TED patients, current smoking was also associated with diplopia (aOR = 1.45; 95% CI 1.29-1.62; p < 0.01), significantly in females (aOR = 1.57; p < 0.01) but not in males (aOR = 1.20; p = 0.09). The association with diplopia was not statistically significant in patients aged 60 years and older.

conclusionsCurrent smoking is significantly associated with both the development and severity of TED, including diplopia, in a Japanese population. These findings support the integration of smoking cessation counseling with the routine management of patients with thyroid disease.

Indexed as

DiplopiaGraves OphthalmopathyPopulation SurveillanceSmokingAdultAgedCase-Control StudiesFemaleFollow-Up StudiesHumansIncidenceJapanMaleMiddle AgedRetrospective StudiesRisk FactorsDiplopiaGraves’ diseaseRisk factorsSmokingThyroid eye disease

Identifiers

PMID42640366

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.