ReviewFrontiers in pharmacology2026
Local drug delivery systems for the periodontal microenvironment: from barrier penetration to multilevel synergy.
Review in Frontiers in pharmacology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by progressive destruction of periodontal supporting tissues. Although local drug delivery systems (LDDSs) enable site-specific therapy, their clinical efficacy remains limited by the dynamic and heterogeneous periodontal microenvironment. This review systematically delineates multiscale barriers to effective delivery, including biofilm resistance, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF)-mediated clearance, immune-mediated degradation, and impaired tissue regeneration. In response, LDDS design has evolved from passive carriers to multilevel synergistic systems, integrating responsiveness to multiple stimuli and programmed release that aligns with the antibacterial-anti-inflammatory-regenerative sequence. The emergence of theranostic platforms further enables real-time monitoring and feedback-controlled intervention. Despite these advances, a significant translational gap persists. Current models fail to recapitulate the polymicrobial and chronic nature of periodontitis, while overlooked
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