ReviewERJ open research2026
Breathing pattern disorder: assessment and diagnosis.
Review in ERJ open research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Breathing pattern disorder (BrPD) is an important and common cause of breathlessness; however, the approach to assessment and diagnosis is variable. Consequently, identification of BrPD is inconsistent, risks clinical underestimation and diagnostic delays, and may lead to inappropriate treatments and patient distress. This review aimed to explore the measurement properties of assessment instruments available for BrPD and proposes evidence-based frameworks for identification, assessment and diagnosis. A total of seven patient-reported outcomes and nine physical outcome measurements used in BrPD were identified, but validation in BrPD and evidence for clinometric properties was frequently not available. Comprehensive evaluation of BrPD requires assessment of both symptoms and breathing patterns, and we propose a framework for diagnosis of BrPD that includes three components: symptom screening using the Nijmegen questionnaire, physical assessment using the Breathing Pattern Assessment Tool, and excluding or optimising underlying conditions. A screening and assessment framework is proposed to facilitate a confident diagnosis of BrPD and underpin individualised treatment.
Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.