ArticleFrontiers in microbiology2026
Kinetic profile and mucosal capsular polysaccharide IgG responses to serotype 3 pneumococcus in the adult oropharynx following an experimental human challenge.
Article in Frontiers in microbiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Methods: A total of 96 healthy adults (aged 18-50 years) were nasally inoculated with different dosages and strains of Spn3. Pneumococcal carriage frequency and density post-challenge were determined using culture and multiplex qPCR from nasal wash and saliva samples collected on days 2, 7, and 14 post-challenge. Spn3 density was compared with historical Spn6B data at day 2 post-challenge. IgG antibodies recognising the Spn3 capsular polysaccharide were measured at baseline and day 14 post-challenge in both niches. Results: Spn3 colonisation frequency was found to be similar in the nasopharynx and oropharynx on any day post-challenge, independently of challenge dose or strain tested. In saliva, Spn3 density was greatest at a challenge dose of 80,000 CFU/naris compared to the lowest or highest exposure doses. Of note, on day 2 post-challenge, Spn3 density was significantly higher than that observed following the Spn6B challenge at the same dose ( Conclusion: Given equivalent exposure doses, Spn3 colonised the oropharynx at higher densities than Spn6B. These data could help explain continued Spn3 population transmission despite widespread use of a Spn3-containing pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in the UK paediatric immunization programme. Within Spn3, clade Iα but not clade II increased mucosal IgG response following colonisation, which could help explain increasing transmission of clade II in the UK and higher transmission of this clade in mouse models.
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