Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42638102›Full record

ArticleBMC ophthalmology2026

Understanding clinical features, predictors of late presentation, and caregiver perspectives and awareness of strabismus in children: a cross-sectional study in a sub-Saharan African setting.

Doreen Frimpong, Yaw Akye Essuman, Vera Mawusime Beyuo, Lauretta Pinamang Owusu-Asare, Dziffa-Bella Imelda-Odille Ofori-Adjei, Seth Lartey, Naa Naamuah Tagoe, Vera Adobea Essuman, Benjamin Abaidoo

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Article in BMC ophthalmology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Doreen FrimpongEye Department, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana.
Yaw Akye EssumanLions International Eye Center, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana.
Vera Mawusime BeyuoLions International Eye Center, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana.
Lauretta Pinamang Owusu-AsareLions International Eye Center, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana.
Dziffa-Bella Imelda-Odille Ofori-AdjeiLions International Eye Center, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana.
Seth LarteyEye Department, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana.
Naa Naamuah TagoeLions International Eye Center, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana.
Vera Adobea EssumanLions International Eye Center, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana.
Benjamin AbaidooOphthalmology Unit, Department of Surgery, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana. benjamin_abaidoo@yahoo.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2268-9032

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundChildhood strabismus is a common eye disorder with visual and psychosocial implications. Late presentation remains frequent, influenced by clinical and demographic factors, as well as caregiver knowledge, awareness, and perceptions in sub-Saharan Africa. This study sought to analyze the clinical features, predictors of late presentation, and caregiver perspectives and awareness of strabismus among children attending the Eye Department at Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital. MATERIALS AND

methodsA hospital-based analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 282 children aged 3-15 years. Data on the demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants were analyzed using SPSS Version 20. The chi-square test was used to examine the associations between late presentation and demographic and clinical features. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the predictors of late presentation of strabismus, with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) calculated. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.

resultsThe study included 282 children with strabismus, with a mean age at onset of 4.0 ± 1.2 years and a mean age at presentation of 10.1 ± 9.4 years. The majority (148/282, 54.5%) were males. There was a predominance of a left eye deviation (166/282, 58.9%); esotropia predominated (204/282, 72.3%), with 50% inward deviation, 83.3% constant deviation, and 85.5% equal vision in both eyes. 83% of patients presented late. Predictors of late presentation were: having no knowledge about strabismus (p = 0.01, OR = 2.6, CI: 1.3-5.5), low parental education (p = 0.013, OR = 2.3, CI: 1.2-4.4), and having no relative with strabismus (p = 0.003, OR = 3.7, CI: 1.5-8.6). Most parents (189/282, 67.30%) were aware of strabismus, with hospitals being the main source of information (87/189, 46.0%). While 133/282 (47.2%) believed that it was treatable, 149/282 (52.8%) held misperceptions.

conclusionsEsotropia was the most common type of strabismus, with left eye deviation being the most prevalent. Having no knowledge about strabismus, low parental education, and having no relative with strabismus predicted late presentation. Even with caregiver awareness, misperceptions persisted, highlighting the need to strengthen public education and early intervention strategies. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.

Indexed as

AwarenessCaregiversDelayed DiagnosisHealth Knowledge, Attitudes, PracticeStrabismusAdolescentAfrica South of the SaharaChildChild, PreschoolCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansMaleRisk FactorsSurveys and QuestionnairesEsotropiaExotropiaGhanaLate presentationMisalignment of the eyesRisk factorsStrabismus

Identifiers

PMID42638102
PMCPMC13501821

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.