ArticleAesthetic plastic surgery2026
Body Feminization Surgery 4.0: Do We Need a Safety Update?
Article in Aesthetic plastic surgery, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundBody feminization surgery (BFS) is an evolving component of gender-affirming care that increasingly incorporates hybrid approaches such as circumferential liposuction, gluteal augmentation, and minimally invasive rib remodeling. While these combinations yield favorable aesthetic outcomes, data regarding their thromboembolic safety profile remain limited.
objectiveTo evaluate early thromboembolic events following hybrid body feminization surgery and to assess the potential value of scheduled postoperative Doppler ultrasound surveillance.
methodsA retrospective review was performed of 52 transfeminine patients who underwent hybrid BFS between November 2023 and February 2025. All patients received standardized pharmacologic and mechanical thromboprophylaxis. Doppler ultrasound examinations were scheduled on postoperative days 1, 3, 7, and 10 to detect early thromboembolic events.
resultsA significant improvement in waist-to-hip ratio was observed (mean reduction 32%, p < 0.001). Three thromboembolic events (5.7%) were identified: two asymptomatic deep vein thromboses (3.8%) detected during routine Doppler surveillance and one symptomatic pulmonary embolism (1.9%) occurring after unauthorized early long-haul travel. Doppler screening enabled detection of otherwise clinically silent events.
conclusionsHybrid BFS may be associated with a higher-than-expected incidence of early thromboembolic events in a moderate-risk population undergoing complex, multicomponent aesthetic surgery. Scheduled Doppler ultrasound surveillance may facilitate early detection of subclinical events and warrants further evaluation in this context. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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